470ml. It's about 8% of the average adult's blood volume. Within 24-48 hours of donating, your body will have fully restored your blood volume.
10 minutes. But allow for an hour for the whole appointment, which includes meeting with a friendly staff member before your donation and having a complimentary snack and drink after.
Every 12 weeks. If you're keen to donate more often, you can give plasma or platelets every 2 weeks (or 4 weeks after giving blood. Then you can give blood again 2 weeks later).